Unit 10 Organizer O'Grady's Language in Social Contexts

1.) Language Variation and Social Distinctions
        - Variables in pronunciation of certain letters
        - Social factors of variance in clude age, sex, and/or education
        - Intraspeaker and Intersoeaker variations

2.) Place
        - Dialectology is "The study of regional differeces in language" (p.489)
        - Variation in Lexical Items or different words for the same object. For example " grinder, hero, submarine, hoagie, or a poorboy" (p.492) to identify a particular sandwich.
        - Variation in Phonology are the differences in pronunciation of vowels or the omission of consonants.
        - Variation in Morphology and Syntax are few in number such as y'all for you-all or youse p.494

3.) Time
        - Effects language from generation to gereration as time passes the language evolves as do the dialects.


4.) Isolation
        - Physical Isolation effects a dialect due to lack if interaction to other speakers of the language due to geographical isolation and lack of transportation. (p. 497)
        - Linguistic Isolation results in a lack of immigration of a particular language causing the isolation rather than a geographical isolation.
        -"Social Isolation refers to a situation in which a smaller community is in some way restricted in social interaction with the larger surrounding speech community that shares the same language." (p.499)

5.) Contact
        - Code- switching and borrowing  refers to people who share multiple languages use both languages at the same time in the same sentence.
        - Contact Languages are sort of like hybrid languages that develop over time usually in places where international trade occurs often.

6.) Distinction in Community
        - Class or socioeconomic status influences language variance. Upper classes tend to use more prestige variants than that of lower classes.
        - Ethnicity such as the English used in African American English
        -Gender or gender roles between men and women produce language variance.

7.) Social Interaction and Language
        - "Ethnography of Communication is a way to analyze discourse by using the same sort of methods that anthropologists mught use to study other aspects of a culture, such as religious practices." (p.514)
        - Solidarity and Power variants depend on whether individuals are smeaking to someone of the same status or speaking to someone of a higher or lower status.

8.) How society deals with Language
        - Choosing a "standard" or "correct" language form
        - Describe non-standard language as "lazy, illogical, or sloppy" (p. 519)
        - Governments make declarations of the country's official language(s).